The relationship between physical fitness and student learning outcomes in Indonesia: A meta-analysis study
Keywords:
Learning outcomes, physical fitness, studentsAbstract
Physical fitness plays an important role in supporting student learning outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of physical fitness on student learning outcomes through a meta-analysis approach. This study uses a meta-analysis method, a statistical analysis technique that combines the results of various similar studies to obtain a more comprehensive quantitative picture. The data analyzed were obtained from scientific articles published on Google Scholar with the keywords "physical fitness" and "student learning outcomes". The population in this study consisted of 873 articles published from 2020 to 2025. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, namely: (1) discussing the relationship between physical fitness and student learning outcomes, (2) published in the 2020–2025 period, (3) using a quantitative research design with a correlational approach, and (4) limited by the author's institution of origin from Indonesia. From the selection process, 34 articles met the requirements for further analysis. Data were analyzed using the effect size test with the help of JASP software. The Random Effects model analysis showed a significant positive relationship between physical fitness and student learning outcomes (z = 5.015; p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.315–0.718). The Rank Correlation results showed a Kendall's value of 0.151, and Egger's test produced a p-value of 0.186, indicating no publication bias. Forest plot analysis showed that the combined effect size was in the medium category, with a value of 0.52 (-1.79; 2.08). There was a significant relationship between physical fitness and student learning outcomes. These findings strengthen empirical evidence that good physical fitness can support academic achievement and is the basis for planning holistic and integrative educational programs.
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