Non-pharmacological management of menstrual low back pain: A systematic review of yoga interventions

Abstract

Menstrual low back pain (MLBP) is a common manifestation of primary dysmenorrhea that negatively affects women’s daily activities, academic performance, and quality of life. While pharmacological treatments such as NSAIDs are widely used, they may cause side effects or be unsuitable for long-term management. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of yoga as a non-pharmacological intervention for reducing menstrual low back pain and improving related outcomes. This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from January 2010 to September 2025. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving yoga interventions for women with primary dysmenorrhea or menstrual low back pain were included. The PICO framework guided study selection. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the TESTEX Scale. Six RCTs with sample sizes ranging from 34 to 92 participants met inclusion criteria. Yoga interventions—ranging from simple poses to integrated programs combining asana, pranayama, and relaxation—significantly reduced pain intensity (VAS/NPRS). Additional benefits included improved quality of life, psychological well-being, and body awareness. Yoga effectively reduces menstrual low back pain and enhances multidimensional aspects of health. As a safe and accessible approach, yoga may serve as a complementary therapy in managing dysmenorrhea-related back pain.